Samuel Sharpe. Encyclopedia.com. Sir Alexander Bustamante was born on February 24, 1884, as, His father, Robert Constantine Clarke, was the half-brother of Margaret Ann Manley, nee Shearer, who was the mother of. When the election was run in December 1944, the JLP won 22 seats in the 32 member House of Representatives; the PNP four seats, and independent candidates, six. Sir Alexander Bustamante. Reverse. The disturbances at Frome were also the start of a series of strikes and demonstrations in which Bustmante stamped his name indelibly as the people's champion. Norman Washington Manley was declared a National Hero, and his dedication to the people can be seen with the memorial on the site of his grave at National Heroes Park Kingston, Saint John, Jamaica. Failing harvests and the lay-off of workers resulted in an influx of unemployed people, moving from the rural areas into the city. His parents were Robert Clarke, an Irish-descended book-keeper and Mary Clarke . The rebellion involved up to 60,000 of the 300,000 slaves in Jamaica who demanded more freedom and a working wage. He was defended by N.W. [21] On 9 June 1967, Bustamante was appointed a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (GBE).[22]. During this time he initiated an ambitious five-year plan which . In May 1938 at Heroes Park, Bustamante told a crowd, "Long live the king, but Denham must go." Son of an Irish planter named Robert Constantine Clarke and a coloured Jamaican woman , Mary Clarke. In 1966 Sir Alexander was awarded the National Order of Knight Grand Cross. Upon the return of OCdts to the JDF, there is a requirement for doctrine and operating procedure standardization due to the varying concepts and differing contents of the training they had undergone. On that memorable day Marcus Garvey's words of "leadership means everything - pain, blood death", and "men who are in earnest are not afraid of consequences", must have sounded loud and clear to Bustamante. Bustamante, Gladys Maud. He, however, consoled himself that he alone controlled the masses, and if he was tested again there would be great trouble in Jamaica. This allowed Jamaica to withdraw from federation and assume independence on its own. He also enhanced his "representativeness" and acceptability by participating in the organizational work of other trade unions, and by sharing the platforms of activists associated with the teachings of Marcus Garvey (18871940), the Jamaican-born advocate of "black consciousness and pride." The widespread anti-colonial activism finally resulted in Parliament's granting universal suffrage in 1944 to residents in Jamaica. After losing the referendum, Manley took Jamaica to the polls in April 1962, to secure a mandate for the island's independence. Bustamante's involvement with the PNP did not last long. Bustmante and AGS Coombs travelled around the country promoting their union and gave hope to struggling workers. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. In July 1943, Bustamante launched the Jamaica Labour Party (JLP) as the political arm of the BITU to contest the first general election based on universal suffrage under the new 1944 constitution. Gladys Longbridge. Her son, Robert, however, incurred her displeasure by marrying beneath him, and he found it necessary to build a modest cottage overlooking the Great House; it was in this cottage that William Alexander Clarke was born and lived with other siblings. In 1947 he was arrested with Frank Pixley and placed on trial for manslaughter at the Port Maria courthouse in St. Mary. The episode audio is being processed and will be ready shortly. The Jamaican people were no longer prepared to believe that there was no better for them. Marcus Garvey was the proponent of Black Nationalism and Pan Africanism movements in the US during the 1920s. All Rights Reserved. Norman Washington Manley and the New Jamaica: Selected Speeches and Writings 19381968. He founded the Bustamante Industrial Trade Union [BITU], the first trade union in Jamaica. They are (from left) Rishi Pahilajani, coach; Robina Reid; Shemar McGrath, and Nikhil Lalwani. Unlike previous Jamaican "messiahs" in the twentieth century, Bustamante focused on the material improvement of the dispossessed through direct action. by Deborah A. Thomas, John L. Jackson Jr. Sir William Alexander Clarke Bustamante was born February 24, 1884 - August 06, 1977. He was registered William Alexander Clarke but later changed his name by deed poll. A patriotic Jamaican who adore its culture, Wellesley has been using this medium to share what he calls 'the uniqueness of Jamaica with the world' since April 2007. This mass migration did little to alleviate the already tremendous unemployment problem. History Greatest People. Smith had claimed to be "the youngest Jamaica-born bishop in Jamaica's church history", and openly spewed controversial utterances, including forbidding his flock to take the COVID-19 vaccination. Two seats were won by independents. A life-size statue of him is erected at South Parade, the place where he carried out much of his activities, his insignia appears on the Jamaican one dollar coin; his birthplace is a national shrine, and even a "sweet" bears his name. Read our. She did not disclose how long the fishermen have been stuck in Colombia, but a video has been in circulation in which men claiming to be Jamaican fishermen say they have been stuck in Colombia for weeks under harsh conditions. Subscribe for all my updates and don't miss a thing! Initially Bustamante attacked the federation as a "federation of paupers" and so when he was elected leader of the Democratic Labour Party of the West Indies in the Federal Parliament, he did everything to protect the Jamaican interest. He was given the "Order of National Hero" and became one of Jamaica's seven National Heroes. Join in and write your own page! As a result of his wide travels and natural intelligence, he had gained much experience in a variety of occupations. At this time, too, Norman Manley as a legal advocate was very busy on behalf of Bustamante. Spouse. Other articles where Sir Alexander Bustamante is discussed: Jamaica: Self-government of Jamaica: Jamaica Labour Party (JLP) under Sir Alexander Bustamante pressed for secession from the federation. By then Bustamante had left Western Kingston and won the South Eastern Clarendon seat by a large majority. There was a period of relative calm, but this was broken when Bustamante called at least three major strikes in less than one year. Saint Ann Saint Ann is the largest parish in Jamaica. When Jamaica became independent on August 6, 1962, he was named the new nation's first Prime Minister. The PNP received more votes (203,048) than the JLP (199,538), but the JLP secured more seats; 17 to the PNP's 13. Hippolyte, Erin. Bustamante and the JLP campaigned successfully against participation, leading to Jamaica's withdrawal and the breakup of the federation. We think you'll like them better this way. She was escorted by police motorcycles to greet Prime Minister Sir Alexander Bustamante and the Governor General. Bustamante was quick to realise that the social and economic ills that such a system engendered, had to be countered by mobilisation . Belmont was owned by Thomas Manley, a black man, and his fair-skinned wife, Margaret Shearer. The course focusses on developing military skills and command with a leadership golden thread. Sives calls Alexander Bustamante a "self-proclaimed friend of the workers" who aroused loyalty mainly through the "role of personality". In advocating the cause of the masses, Bustamante became the undisputed champion of the working class. He was elected as the Mayor of Kingston in 1947 and 1948. "Bustamante, Alexander Bustamante saw the need to organise the Labour Movement in a legal way, and he worked closely to this end with Norman Manley, Noel Nethersole and others who were about to lead a new political movement, the People's National Party (PNP). The idea of the hill station was first raised by Gomm in a letter dated April 7, 1840 to Governor Sir Charles Metcalfe. 1 (876) 926-3590-4 In addressing subsequent rallies Bustamante told his followers that there were people in the society who were clamouring for his arrest, but they should be careful. What is the contribution that religion give to the Caribbean? Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History. [2], William said that he took the surname Bustamante to honour a Spanish sea captain who he claims adopted him in his early years and took him to Spain where he was sent to school and later returned to Jamaica. How Do I protect Myself From Cybercrimes? It was this confidence which took him to Frome after the disturbances that had left six dead, 50 wounded and 89 charged with rioting. Junior Estate Overseer 5. During the troublesome days of 1938, the security forces were everywhere eyeball to eyeball with Bustamante and the workers. Of great importance was that Barbados and Jamaica entered the mainstream of the federal movement since labour and political leaders like Grantley Adams and Norman Manley were federationists. The authorities viewed him as a troublemaker and this resulted in his detention in 1938 and again in 1940. Later he founded the Jamaica Labour Party [JLP]. State the contribution religion to Jamaica and the Caribbean. Paul Bogle. Sir Alexander Bustamante was born on February 24, 1884 , the son of Robert Constantine Clarke, an Irish planter and Mary Clarke (nee Wilson) a Jamaican of mixed blood. Store Clerk 2. His political activism focused on uniting the African diaspora and pushing for the establishment of a society of black people which enjoys socio-political and economic freedom from colonizers. House members were elected by adult suffrage from single-member electoral districts called constituencies. This resulted in the independence of Jamaica on 6 August 1962, and several other British colonies in the West Indies followed suit in the next decade. Sir Alexander Bustamante was Jamaica's first prime minister. "Bad Friday: Rastafari After Coral Gardens dir. Simultaneously, the unrest gave birth to a political movement and a trade union movement. Illness forced Bustamante to retire his post in 1967, though he lived another thirty years. Sir Donald Sangster. In the 1949 general election, the second under universal adult suffrage, the JLP again won under the leadership of Bustamante. ID: 1485659 Language: English School subject: Social Studies Grade/level: 4 Age: 8-12 Main content: Contribution of Jamaica's National Heroes to Nation Building Other contents: Slavery, Freedom, Fight, Heroes, Contribution, Nation Building, Paul Bogle, Sam Sharpe, George William Gordon, Marcus Garvey, Nanny of the Maroons, Alexander Bustamante Add to my workbooks (10) Bustamante died in 1977 at the Irish Town Hospital and was buried in the National Heroes Park in Kingston.[25][26]. How? what two contribution did the Chinese made to Jamaica. Hon. In the latter part of 1943 Bustamante followed the example set by Manley and used the membership of the BITU to build a political party. [11] Jamaicans! Despite these changes, ultimate power remained concentrated in the hands of the governor and other high officials. This situation led to the entrenchment of the two-party system of representative parliamentary government in Jamaica. The Right Excellent Sir William Alexander Bustamante, G.B.E., LL.D (Hon.) Together, they founded a political dynasty, each serving more than once as the head of the government while the other took the role of leader of the opposition. A referendum in 1961 supported their views. Curacao, N.A. Our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy have changed. These very people through the instrumentality of leaders like Bustmante and Norman Manley finally realised that they could emancipate themselves from their economic and political bondage. On August 6, 1977 Bustamante died, exactly 15 years after Jamaica got its independence and his appointment as the country's first Prime Minister. Pier One or Houseboat Grill? I had been introduced to her through a Foreign Service friend in Jamaica. The 'exploration' was based on two new books. Bustamante was considered a "buster", "a champion of the common man and tough article. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps, Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History. If you are on social media, here are the links to follow his latest posts: You are also invited tojoin his exclusive JAMHearts communitywhere like-minded Jamaican enthusiasts discuss all things Jamaican. They were the. Frederic Gomes Cassidy, Robert Brock Le Page. African Studies Review, vol. Under this system, the Governor had the right to veto at all times, which he very often exercised against the wishes . Sir William Alexander Clarke Bustamante GBE PC ONH (born William Alexander Clarke; 24 . Copyright 2020Jamaica Labour Party. Saint Andrew, Jamaica. Contact Us. In 1979 a 30 foot monument in honour of Sir Alexander was unveiled in the National Heroes Park. The refrain "we will follow Bustamante till we die" was chanted by thousands of his supporters at rallies and marches across the country. Chances are someone already asked (and got an answer to) your question. Established on 3 January 1958, the West Indies Federation comprised the 10 territories of Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica, Montserrat, the then St Kitts-Nevis-Anguilla, Saint Lucia, St Vincent and Trinidad and Tobago. He told his audience that the Government was planning to arrest him because he had exposed the evils in Jamaica to the British parliament. Bustamante had replaced Manley as premier between April and August, and on independence, he became Jamaica's first prime minister. Andrew Holness. During his life he held many titles and honors, including Honorary Doctor of Laws, lifelong president of the Bustamante Industrial Trade Union (BITU), lifelong leader and "chief" of the Jamaica Labour Party (JLP), mayor of the Kingston and St. Andrew Corporation, and the first person to be named a National Hero in Jamaica during his or her own lifetime. Shares with cousin Norman Washington Manley, the honour of being one of the two 'Founding Fathers' of Jamaica's Independence, attained peacefully, August 6, 1962. (February 22, 2023). Later in 1937 he became treasurer of the Jamaica Workers and Tradesmen Union, founded in 1936 by AGS Coombs. In Economic Integration between Unequal Partners, edited by Theodore Georgakapoulos, Christos C. Paraskevopoulos, and John Smithin. Sir Alexander Bustamante also became the first Prime Minister of Independent Jamaica in 1962. Bustamante is honoured in Jamaica with the title National Hero of Jamaica in recognition of his achievements. Sir William Alexander Clarke Bustamante was Jamaica's first Prime Minister after the country gained independence in 1962, was born on February 24, 1884. Sir William Alexander Clarke Bustamante ONH GBE PC (born William Alexander Clarke; 24 February 1884 - 6 August 1977) was a Jamaican politician and labour leader, who, in 1962, became the first prime minister of Jamaica. 1, (2014): 197-214,234. Kenneth Harry Clarke 1 (876) 926-3740-6. The Memoirs of Lady Bustamante. He said that the JLP would not contest a by-election to the federal parliament. Between 1910 and 1931 he also made four return visits to Jamaica, including one to start a business venture. This charismatic labour and political leader declared, "I have made up my mind to fight for the workers of this country. Terms of Use | Privacy | Contact Us Michael Burke, "Norman Manley as premier". The Bustamante Foundation was launched simultaneously in four countries, later in the month, as a permanent and lasting memory of Sir Alexander Bustamantes services to Jamaica. Fayval Williams (left), speaks with members of the St. Ann-based York Castle High School team about their entry in the National Robotics Championship, during the competition on Saturday (February 25), at Jamaica College in St. Andrew. His towering height, bushy hair and his dramatic gestures were important elements, which drew people to him. Do like I did! August 7, 1977. [17] He was awarded an honorary LLD degree from the Fairfield University in 1963. (review)." By 1938, the social and political climate of Jamaica had deteriorated and Jamaican workers were staging violent strikes to obtain universal adult suffrage. [20] In the same year, he was also awarded the Special Grand Cordon of the Order of Brilliant Star by the Republic of China. Nestled in the cool hills of upper St Andrew and amidst beautiful trees, ferns, ground orchids, delicate wild flowers and a profusion of ginger lilies, is the Newcastle. The advent of COVID-19 added a new level of complexity to travel, thus negatively affecting the process of sending OCdts overseas. Place of Birth: Hanover. Bustamante began participating in trade union activities before 1938 and developed a public reputation as a spokesman of the downtrodden. When Sir Alexander Bustamantebegan to make his presence felt in Jamaica, the country was still a Crown Colony. He was named William Alexander Clarke, but later changed his name in 1944 to William Alexander Bustamante. While taking on the role of head of the. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Bustamante&oldid=1140403766, Jamaican Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire, Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom, Jamaican members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom, Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in Jamaican English, Pages using Template:Post-nominals with customized linking, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 19 February 2023, at 23:29. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). William Alexander Bustamante left Jamaica in 1905 and lived in countries such as Cuba, Panama and the USA. Two years after taking office as Prime Minister, then 80 years old, became ill. The programme falls within the tactical level of the Professional Military Education (PME) framework of armed forces and is modelled from the Royal Military Academy Sandhursts (RMAS) Commissioning Course. Bustamante died on August 6, 1977 at the age of 93 and has since become one of Jamaica's National heroes for his immense contributions to Jamaican politics and dedicating his life and campaigning for workers' rights. 22 Feb. 2023 . He thus became Jamaica's first chief minister. His grandmother Elsie Clarke-Shearer was also the grandmother of Bustamantes contemporary and fellow National Hero, Norman Washington Manley. including the Jamaica Gleaner's Hospitality Jamaica, Carlong Publishers, He was able to relate to the people right at their level. 2.- What are the recommended banks or financial institution. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. Sir Alexander Bustamante. Project MUSE, Special Grand Cordon of the Order of Brilliant Star, Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire, "The Rt. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. One book was Ewart Walters' We Come from Jamaica: The National Movement - 1937-1962, with which I had already tangled in the press over its reported treatment of Alexander Bustamante. Coat of arms of Jamaica. Although he was also won over to West Indian unity and Jamaica's participation in the West Indies Federation. The Right Excellent Sir William Alexander Clarke Bustamante (24 February 1884 - 6 August 1977) was a Jamaican politician and labour leader who became the first prime minister of Jamaica. In February 1968, the Jamaican House of Representatives and the Senate paid tribute to Sir Alexander. When the widowed Elsie Clarke married Shearer, a white Jamaican of Irish extraction, her social status was enhanced as the mistress of the Blenheim Great House. He retired from active politics in 1967 and died 10 years later on August 6, 1977, at the ripe age of 93. He was made a member of the Privy Council in 1963. Their demand was for higher wages. The course structure allows the Instructing Staff to educate, build, develop and scrutinize an OCdts ability to decide and communicate accurately and ethically while under pressure and or stress. Bustamante was commended in 1955 for his public services in Jamaica. The History of the JLP; Our Constitution; Want a virtual vacation on the coolest island in the Caribbean? There is even a sweet named "Busta." Bustamante was married twice. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"HipF1gF5vYpD2I.YKD.7xZLjHkRu5QvPJBF2JHAX_9Y-86400-0"}; Initially, the British government was conservative in approving a hill station for the troops in Jamaica. The Jamaican Legislative Council became the upper house, or Senate, of the bicameral Parliament. The other book was Colin Palmer's Freedom's Children - The 1938 Labour Rebellion and the Birth of Modern Jamaica. The British also seemed to have taken the view that federation would provide the best means by which West Indians could be prepared for independence within the British Commonwealth. 4. In the 1961 Federation membership referendum Jamaica voted 54% to leave the West Indies Federation. In addition, Newport West, East and adjoining port areas were renamed Bustamante Port in keeping with the National Heroe's long association with the labour movement. Like My Site? Manley and released from prison in 1943, Bustamante founded the Jamaica Labour Party the same year. By virtue of the second marriage of Elsie Hunter, his paternal grandmother, to Alexander Shearer, he became distantly related to both Norman Washington Manley and Michael Manley, as well as to Hugh Shearer.After his return to Jamaica, Bustamante established himself as a money-lender in modest offices on Duke Street, then the desired cachet for all business addresses in Kingston. Hanover Parish, Jamaica. The members of the Security Forces kept a very close eye on him and the workers. An ordained minister who sp, Bustamante y Rivero, Jos Luis (18941990), Bustamante, Cruz M.: 1953: Lieutenant Governor, Politician, Bustamante, William Alexander (18841977), https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/bustamante-alexander. [3], He became a leader in activism against colonial rule. In 1964, he was made a member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom (PC). Back in Jamaica in the mid-thirties his money-lending business prospered, but while it gave him a livelihood it also opened his eyes to the appalling plight of the poor. Jamaica Labour Party Headquarters. Copy of Social Studies Lesson - Read online for free. In 1969, Bustamante became a Member of the Order of National Hero (ONH) in recognition of his achievements,[21] this along with Norman Manley, the black liberationist Marcus Garvey, and two leaders of the 1865 Morant Bay rebellion, Paul Bogle and George William Gordon. Like his cousin, Alexander Bustamante, he was moved by the plight of working Jamaicans, and together they advocated for better working conditions and petitioned the British government for the right of the Jamaican . Where Should You Go In Montego Bay? In 1905, he left Jamaica once again at 21 years of age. He became the unofficial government leader, representing his party as Minister for Communications. And Manley's wife was renowned artist Edna Manley. [18] In 1964, he was made a member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom (PC). Edward Seaga. It is situated on the north coast of the island, in the county . For example, between 1935-1936 he carried out an "anti-water metre protest", and in January 1937 he intervened in a strike at Serge Island Estate, offering his services as a mediator. Contribute to chinapedia/wikipedia.en development by creating an account on GitHub. A Jamaican candy, the Bustamante backbone, is named after him. Hon. He also led the now defunct Justice, Margaret Grace Bondfield Campbell, Horace G. Coral Gardens 1963: The Rastafari and Jamaican Independence,Social and Economic Studies; Mona Vol. On his return to Jamaica in the mid-1930s he set up a money lending business which was very successful. The BITU/JLP bloc won the election with a large majority and ushered in the era of "Bustamanteeism"with its highly personalized ruleand of "political unionism." Michael Norman Manley. Alexander Bustamante, one of the leading political figures in Jamaica during the twentieth century, was born William Alexander Clarke at Blenheim Estate in Lucea, a coastal town in western Jamaica. Depending on the specific mandate, there can also be working groups composed of an independent expert from each of the five UN regional groupings (Africa, Asia . He was awarded an honorary degree from the American University, Fairfield, Connecticut (1963), In 1966, the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws honoris causa of the University of the West Indies was conferred on him. ( m. 1962) . In 1943, labor leader Alexander Bustamante won an electoral victory and established a new, more liberal constitution. Pier One or Houseboat Grill? William Alexander Bustamante (1884-1977) was Jamaica's first Prime Minister. It's easy to do. Encyclopedia.com. They accused the Government of doing little to help secure their return home. Special rapporteur (or Independent Expert) are titles given to independent human rights experts whose expertise is called upon by the United Nations to report or advise on human rights from a thematic or country-specific perspective. Sir Alexander Bustamante died on August 6, 1977, the 15th anniversary of Jamaica's independence. For a while Bustamante behaved with great restraint, but then he lashed out against the PNP leaders, claiming a betrayal of trust. He would make realistic union demands and then strive to attain them, first by industrial action, and then, if need be, by political action. At one of these rallies when the Security Forces threatened "to open fire" on the crowd, Bustamante unbuttoned his shirt, thrust his chest forward and invited the soldiers to leave the people alone and shoot him. In 1944, Jamaica's first general election was held under Universal Adult Suffrage granted by a new constitution. In 1943, Bustamante founded the Jamaica Labour Party (JLP), and was also its first leader. Jamaica gained its independence from the United Kingdom on August 6, 1962. The voter turnout was 72.9%.[12]. Sir William Alexander Clarke Bustamante, a Jamaican politician and labour leader who became the first prime minister of Jamaica was born William Alexander Clarke on the 24th of February 1884 in Hanover he later changed his name by deed poll to Alexander Bustamante, and died on the 6th of August 1977. The children's hospital which Sir Alexander had converted from an old army hospital was named the Bustamante Hospital for Children. [8] In 1952 he was arrested by the American authorities while he was on official business in Puerto Rico.[9]. Later the charges were dropped. Summary of Alexander Bustamante's Life. Office: He got workers and employers to agree on wages and working conditions. Norwegian politician Kjell Magne Bondevik (born 1947) twice served as prime minister of his country. The May Pen bypass road is also named the Bustamante Highway in memory. At the outbreak of World War II (1939-1945), life at Newcastle changed a little. In 1937 he was elected as treasurer of the Jamaica Workers' Union (JWU), which had been founded by labour activist Allan G.S. [CDATA[ Dairy Farmer 4. He took the surname Bustamante in 1944 to honour a Spanish sea captain who he claims adopted him in his early years and took him to Spain where he was sent to school and later returned to Jamaica. Click To Enlarge Answered by Aneisha Dobson, Associate Writer In 1844, Jamaica had 22 parishes, but how was that? On September 7, 1962, at the age of 78, he married his fourth wife Gladys Longbridge. [10], Bustamante held this position until the JLP was defeated in 1955. He was also the founder of the popularly known "shower party" - The Jamaica Labour Party in 1943. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. The JLP ended up with 14 seats, and there were no independents. The ensuing general election returned his party to office, and Sir Alexander Bustamante (he was knighted in 1955) became the first prime minister of Jamaica in 1962. He is the founder of the Jamaica Labour Party (JLP). ." His parents were Robert Constantine Clarke, and wife Mary nee Wilson. Due to the carefully adapted military and academic curricula, IOTP serves as the course to treat with the aforementioned considerations.