c. Sessions are primarily conducted in a virtual environment. Rates of SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder) are four times greater in women than men. Exemplify the effect of attributions on creating abnormal behavior. 68. d. latency stage. To stop some undesirable behavior you made in the past, they likely took away some privilege. a. 36. b. biological forces, culture, and learning. d. Each model views childhood trauma as a factor contributing to abnormal behavior. The same is true of borderline personality disorder. How does the humanistic perspective approach psychopathology? d. try to figure out the source of their troublesome thoughts. You immediately focus all of your energy on the financial implications of your partners departure and ways to save money. c. double-blind studies. To truly understand brain structure and chemistry, it is a good idea to understand how communication occurs within the nervous system. a. Existential therapy is very new, and there hasnt yet been enough time to conduct thorough research. 166. Their family and friends may disapprove of some of their actions but overall, respect and love them. b. give insightful interpretations of the clients statements. d. instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards. This form of learning is called: a. shaping. Cognitive therapies. 127. a. a persons moral compass b. the prefrontal cortex c. a persons libido d. ego defense mechanisms. How effective is the sociocultural model at explaining psychopathology and its treatment. b. focused on a positive message and living a meaningful life. 50. Also, long-term hospitalizations are less likely to occur as a result, though the medications do not benefit the individual in terms of improved living skills. b. existential therapy. A person who is isolated and lacks social support or intimacy is more likely to: Which of the following exemplify secondary prevention? d. who are not religious cope better with life stressors such as war and illness. To be considered distinct from other conditions, a mental illness must have its own set of symptoms. Before introducing the current main models, it is crucial to understand what a model is. With this knowledge, a plan is developed and consists of numerous strategies to act on one or all these elements antecedent, behavior, and/or consequence. A family systems theorist might suggest that Robin comes from a(n) _____ family. b. accepting problematic thoughts. Hypnosis was used at first and relieved her symptoms, as it had done for many patients (See Module 1). 111. a. existential b. humanistic c. sociocultural d. behavior-focused, 139. 153. Psychosurgery. The sociocultural model asserts that race, ethnicity, gender, religious orientation, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation all play a role in the development and treatment of mental illness. d. a severe disorder and who has not responded to any other therapies over years of treatment. also play a role, and this is the basis of the sociocultural model. However, keep in mind that we do not model everything we see. First, associative learning is the linking together of information sensed from our environment. b. the different patterns of communication displayed by men and women. Gender is not a cause of mental illness, though differing demands placed on males and females by society and their culture can influence the development and course of a disorder. 59. A theorist who believes that someone who is labeled a hard worker will, in fact, become a hard worker is MOST likely a _____ theorist. 31. c. regression. Overgeneralizing You see a larger pattern of negatives based on one event. This is an example of: Providing treatment as soon as it is needed so problems that are moderate or worse do not become long-term issues is called: Failure to treat many people with severe disturbances appropriately is MOST often a problem with which level of prevention? Nikolai runs past, grabs some of the cookies, and runs away. d. conditions of worth. 2.3.1.5. Right? d. cognitive-behavioral. A patients initial reaction to being told she has a sexually transmitted infection (STI) is to insist that the nurse made a mistake with the test. I know my grandmother used to. Thoughts, as well as overt behaviors, are acquired and modified by various forms of conditioning. A therapist who assumes this describes a phobia acquired from classical conditioning MOST likely favors which model of abnormality? It is difficult to gain informed consent from individuals with mental illness. b. denial. 14. Primary refers to reinforcers and punishers that have their effect without having to be learned. a. very small; selectively b. large; selectively c. large; openly d. small; openly, 142. Negative means that something is being taken away good or bad. 117. Within the context of psychopathology, the behavioral perspective is useful because explains maladaptive behavior in terms of learning gone awry. An important factor to consider when prescribing drugs for the treatment of abnormality would be that: some people do not benefit from drug treatments. Some researchers have manipulated the behaviors and thoughts of study participants to create clinical-like symptoms. Unconditioned means unlearned. The BEST explanation for this trend is that these theories: focused on a positive message and living a meaningful life. Check out Figure 2.10 to see if you do. d. modifying the clients negative behavior and dysfunctional ways of thinking. Stimulants are generally effective and produce a calming effect. We take the information just detected and use it to assign people to categories, or groups. Outside of biological and psychological factors on mental illness, race, ethnicity, gender, religious orientation, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, etc. Both types of instincts are sources of stimulation in the body and create a state of tension that is unpleasant, thereby motivating us to reduce them. Prescribing an antidepressant medication such as paroxetine. So, it is better to subscribe to a multi-dimensional model that integrates multiple causes of psychopathology and affirms that each cause comes to affect other causes over time. But women may experience these illnesses differently certain symptoms may be more common in women than in men, and the course of the illness can be affected by the sex of the individual. For more on the link between cortisol and depression, check out this article: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-athletes-way/201301/cortisol-why-the-stress-hormone-is-public-enemy-no-1. c. Beck. b. exposure therapy. b. modeling. Really, the sky is the limit with reinforcers in particular. Next, the children are placed in a room with several toys in it. Panel A of Figure 2.6 shows the naturally occurring response to the stimulus of a loud sound. According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, at birth the child is in the: a. oral stage. Despite Freuds generalization, his theory was based on only a few patients. The drug causes severe vomiting if a person drinks alcohol while taking the drug. b. classic Freudian psychotherapy. See Figure 2.5 for an overview of Pavlovs classic experiment. 65. c. Two-thirds of treated couples achieve marital satisfaction by the end of therapy. List and define the ten defense mechanisms proposed by Freud. During a therapy session, a client is told to pretend the therapist is her parent and to tell her "parent" why she is angry. a. humanistic therapy. We started at resting potential in Step 1 and end at resting potential in Step 6. All of the models include an element of the biological model. This form of learning is called: According to a 2018 report (Prochaska & Norcross), the dominant approach used by clinical psychologists is: If you are being encouraged to see the link between the way you interpret your experiences and the way you feel and to question the accuracy of your interpretations, you are probably receiving: ChaeWoo has been participating in weekly therapy for several years. She works very hard to do things that other people would like and to make people like her. A behavioral psychologist would say that the temper tantrums result from: a. unresolved intrapsychic conflict. d. Bandura. a. cognitive therapy b. biological therapy c. psychodynamic therapy d. behavior therapy. Still, the sociocultural model suffers from unclear findings and not allowing for the establishment of causal relationships, reliance on more qualitative data gathered from case studies and ethnographic analyses (one such example is Zafra, 2016), and an inability to make predictions about abnormal behavior for individuals. They add, Oftentimes someone being treated with CBT will have homework in between sessions where they practice replacing negative thoughts with more realistic thoughts based on prior experiences or record their negative thoughts in a journal. For more on CBT, visit: https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Treatments/Psychotherapy. She had another shirt with her and wanted to change right then and there. As you might expect, the behavior will begin to weaken and eventually stop when this occurs. Biological theorists view abnormal behavior as a(n): a. illness. Track the accuracy of the thought. Based on related research, we would expect this person to have a _____ number of offline friends and to _____ share information with them. Uni- vs. Multi-Dimensional Models of Abnormality, https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/what-causes-depression, https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/gene, https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mental-health-causes-mental-illness#1, https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/strep-throat.html, https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-perfectionists-handbook/201202/can-infections-result-in-mental-illness, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20351719, https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Treatments/Psychotherapy, https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/in-practice/201301/cognitive-restructuring, http://cogbtherapy.com/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-exercises/, https://www.psychologytoday.com/therapy-types/existential-therapy, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/index.shtml, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. 120. Biological psychologists or neuropsychologists treat the underlying problems in the. During the time-out, no one interacts with the child. Horowitz (2008) found that rates of SAD are just 1% for those living in Florida while 9% of Alaskans are diagnosed with the disorder. The final section is a A therapist who believes people often hide from their responsibilities and therefore often feel alienated, depressed, and inauthentic would MOST likely be described as: The proper conclusion from research studies that show a relationship between devout religious people who see God as warm and caring and psychological health is that: people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier. Which model of abnormality cites physical processes as being the key to behavior? The charge inside is -70mV at rest. To address this unique factor, culture-sensitive therapies have been developed and include increasing the therapists awareness of cultural values, hardships, stressors, and/or prejudices faced by their client; the identification of suppressed anger and pain; and raising the clients self-worth (Prochaska & Norcross, 2013). If my mother or father consumes alcohol to feel better when things are tough, and it works, then I might do the same. b. Humanists would say that an individual who cares about others and who is spontaneous, courageous, and independent is: The perspective that religious views are defense mechanisms created by people to make life tolerable is MOST characteristic of: What happens when an electrical impulse reaches a neuron's ending? Which model is MOST likely to suggest using free association to uncover unconscious processes? The six models of abnormality are biological, psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, humanistic-existential, sociocultural, and developmental psychopathology perspective. d. secondary process thought. A feminist therapist would MOST likely focus on: a. a womans personal responsibility for her own situation. d. catharsis. All of the models include an element of the biological model. There were times when something bit my foot while I was swimming, but I didn't get hurt at all. 106. b. c. congenital malformations. The so-called new wave of cognitive therapy differs from traditional cognitive therapy in that it emphasizes: A goal of behavior-focused therapy is to: replace problematic behaviors with more appropriate ones. b. ego. Evaluate the usefulness of psychodynamic theory. Examples of secondary punishers include a ticket for speeding, losing television or video game privileges, ridicule, or a fee for paying your rent or credit card bill late. See Figure 2.1 below. A therapist listens carefully to a client's words and then attempts to show accurate empathy and genuineness. Each is unique in its own right and no single model can account for all aspects of abnormality. b. ego. a. a. cognitive-behavioral b. psychodynamic c. sociocultural d. humanistic-existential, 8. For more information on psychotropic medications, please visit: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/mental-health-medications/index.shtml. b. repression. 134. The _____ model of abnormality pays particular attention to the clients family structure, societal norms, and the clients roles in society. d. humanistic. A patient has social anxiety disorder. There are also certain types of disorders that are unique to women. 154. b. overgeneralization. The medical model definition is the concept of how mental and emotional issues are related to biological causes and problems.
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