A number of risk factors have been associated with SIDS including premature birth, smoking within the home, and hyperthermia. This disorder is associated with a number of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinsons disease. Once awakened from a narcoleptic attack, people report that they feel refreshed (Chokroverty, 2010). Some forms of psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, can help sufferers of insomnia. It appeared that Scott Falater had killed his wife in his sleep, or at least, that is the defense he used when he was tried for his wifes murder (Cartwright, 2004; CNN, 1999). Caffeine is found in many common medicines (such as weight loss drugs), beverages, foods, and even cosmetics (Herman & Herman, 2013). In individuals diagnosed with a substance use disorder, there is a compulsive pattern of drug use that is often associated with both physical and psychological dependence. (b) Heroin is cooked on a spoon over a candle. Research indicates that meditation may help reduce blood pressure, and the American Heart Association suggests that meditation might be used in conjunction with more traditional treatments as a way to manage hypertension, although there is not sufficient data for a recommendation to be made (Brook et al., 2013). A womans menstrual cycle is an example of a biological rhythma recurring, cyclical pattern of bodily changes. This created a black market for the drug, where prices soared to $80 or more for a single pill. The three types of sleep apnea are central apnea, obstructive apnea (OSA), and a mixture of central and obstructive apnea. The typical episode can last from a minute or two to half an hour. Sleep apneais defined by episodes during which a sleepers breathing stops. The FDAs 2013 recommendation for tighter controls on opiate prescriptions left many patients addicted to prescription drugs like OxyContin unable to obtain legitimate prescriptions. When we are very young, we spend up to 16 hours a day sleeping. Insudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)an infant stops breathing during sleep and dies. However, alternative treatment options are being explored because consistent compliance by users of CPAP devices is a problem. During this time, there is a slowdown in both the rates of respiration and heartbeat. If you cannot fall asleep, leave your bed and do something else until you feel tired again. This is an important factor because we can develop tolerance and experience withdrawal from any number of drugs that we do not abuse. The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? Two sleeping children are depicted in this 1895 oil painting titled. Caffeine is an adenosine antagonist, so caffeine inhibits the adenosine receptors, thus decreasing sleepiness and promoting wakefulness. Recent adaptations (e.g., Hobson, 2002) continue to update the theory based on accumulating evidence. The smokable form reaches the brain very quickly to produce an intense euphoria that dissipates almost as fast as it arrives, prompting users to continuing taking the drug. . If you get peritoneal dialysis, peritonitis symptoms also may include: Cloudy dialysis fluid. b. absence of signs of malfunctioning. For instance, have you ever daydreamed while driving home from work or school without really thinking about the drive itself? Cocaine can be taken in multiple ways. Anopioidis one of a category of drugs that includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine. Nicotine is highly addictive, and the use of tobacco products is associated with increased risks of heart disease, stroke, and a variety of cancers. While the possession and use of marijuana remain illegal in many states, it is now legal to possess limited quantities of marijuana for recreational use in eleven states: Alaska, California, Colorado, Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nevada, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) serves as the brains clock mechanism. Natural opioids, calledopiates, are derivatives of opium, which is a naturally occurring compound found in the poppy plant. This feeling of a depressed mood is also accompanied by two or more additional symptoms, to include changes in appetite, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, feelings of hopelessness, and poor concentration or difficulty with decision making. Surprisingly, sleep apnea may exacerbate cardiovascular disease (Snchez-de-la-Torre, Campos-Rodriguez, & Barb, 2012). The treatment of insomnia likely would include stress management techniques and changes in problematic behaviors that could contribute to insomnia (e.g., spending more waking time in bed). Complications. The amount of sleep we get varies across the lifespan. Other drugs, including the opioid buprenorphine, have also been used to alleviate symptoms of opiate withdrawal. In a lucid dream, a person becomes aware of the fact that they are dreaming, and as such, they can control the dreams content (LaBerge, 1990). Adenosine is a neurotransmitter that promotes sleep. Physiologically, the body can become addicted to opiate drugs in less than a week, including when taken as prescribed. He suffered from no apparent anatomical brain anomalies or psychological disorders. describes our awareness of internal and external stimuli. We also alter our consciousness through the use of various psychoactive drugs. Treatment. While it is probably the most commonly used drug in the world, the potency of this particular drug pales in comparison to the other stimulant drugs described in this section. It is possible that even the processing of emotional information is influenced by certain aspects of sleep (Walker, 2009). Ahallucinogenis one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences (Figure 4.18). The prevalence rates for somatic disorders are often difficult to determine; however, overall estimates of somatic symptom disorder are around 4-6%. Jet lag is a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment. Interestingly, individuals who have increased levels of alpha brain wave activity (more often associated with wakefulness and transition into stage 1 sleep) during stage 3 often report that they do not feel refreshed upon waking, regardless of how long they slept (Stone, Taylor, McCrae, Kalsekar, & Lichstein, 2008). We experience different states of consciousness and different levels of awareness on a regular basis. Like hypnosis, meditation also shows promise in stress management, sleep quality (Caldwell, Harrison, Adams, Quin, & Greeson, 2010), treatment of mood and anxiety disorders (Chen et al., 2013; Freeman et al., 2010; Vllestad, Nielsen, & Nielsen, 2012), and pain management (Reiner, Tibi, & Lipsitz, 2013). Drug use disorders are addictive disorders, and the criteria for specific substance (drug) use disorders are described in DSM-5. Meditationis the act of focusing on a single target (such as the breath or a repeated sound) to increase awareness of the moment. Historically, hypnosis has been viewed with some suspicion because of its portrayal in popular media and entertainment (Figure 4.20). These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, and insomnia (i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time) (Roth, 2007). For example, people who undergo chemotherapy will often be prescribed marijuana to stimulate their appetites and prevent excessive weight loss resulting from the side effects of chemotherapy treatment. Physical dependenceinvolves changes in normal bodily functionsthe user will experience withdrawal from the drug upon cessation of use. Infants younger than 12 months appear to be at the highest risk for SIDS, and boys have a greater risk than girls. Some research suggests that sleep deprivation affects cognitive and motor function as much as, if not more than, alcohol intoxication (Williamson & Feyer, 2000). Unlike Freud and Jung, Cartwrights ideas about dreaming have found empirical support. While we certainly welcome the convenience of having the darkness lit up, we also suffer the consequences of reduced amounts of sleep because we are more active during the nighttime hours than our ancestors were. Case fatality rates have varied from 25% to 90 . As already mentioned, the hypothalamus contains the SCNthe biological clock of the bodyin addition to other nuclei that, in conjunction with the thalamus, regulate slow-wave sleep. This often results in sleeping problems, and it can lead to signs of depression and anxiety. As mentioned earlier, lack of sleep can result in decreased mental alertness and cognitive function. While caffeine may have some indirect effects on dopamine neurotransmission, its primary mechanism of action involves antagonizing adenosine activity (Porkka-Heiskanen, 2011). Upset stomach and vomiting. Yarmila Falaters body was found in the familys pool with 44 stab wounds. Sleep debt and sleep deprivation have significant negative psychological and physiological consequencesFigure 4.5. Users often consume the drug every few hours across days-long binges called runs, in which the user forgoes food and sleep. As a group, hallucinogens are incredibly varied in terms of the neurotransmitter systems they affect. Whether lark, owl, or somewhere in between, there are situations in which a persons circadian clock gets out of synchrony with the external environment. Individuals who suffer from RBD have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams. Here are some tips to maintain healthy sleep: Aparasomniais one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep play a role. (credit: modification of work by new 1lluminati/Flickr), Medical marijuana shops are becoming more and more common in the United States. Caffeine is another stimulant drug. Night terrorsresult in a sense of panic in the sufferer and are often accompanied by screams and attempts to escape from the immediate environment (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). Site has information/education resources on a broad range of topics, including asthma, birth defects, radiation, sanitation, lead in blood, and more. Hypnosisis a state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli. This is illustrated by McCartys (2010) case study of a 50-year-old woman who sought help for the excessive sleepiness during normal waking hours that she had experienced for several years. The low cost coupled with lower risk of overdose than with opiate drugs is making crystal meth a popular choice among drug users today (NIDA, 2019). Therefore, the abuse potential of central nervous system depressants is relatively high. These symptoms usually are opposite of the effects of the drug. Night terrors apparently occur during the NREM phase of sleep (Provini, Tinuper, Bisulli, & Lagaresi, 2011). Opium, Heroin, Fentanyl, Morphine, Oxycodone, Vicoden, methadone, and other prescription pain relievers, Decreased pain, pupil dilation, decreased gut motility, decreased respiratory function. In fact, ameta-analysis, which is a study that combines the results of many related studies, conducted within the last decade indicates that by the time we are 65 years old, we average fewer than 7 hours of sleep per day (Ohayon, Carskadon, Guilleminault, & Vitiello, 2004). Although she did not experience any dream-like hallucinations, she was diagnosed with narcolepsy as a result of sleep testing. LINK TO LEARNING: To learn more about some of the most commonly abused prescription and street drugs, check out the, LINK TO LEARNING: Feeling stressed? Central sleep apnea is caused by a failure of the brain to activate the muscles of breathing during sleep. High doses of MDMA can cause brain toxicity and death. Rotating shift work has pervasive effects on the lives and experiences of individuals engaged in that kind of work, which is clearly illustrated in stories reported in a qualitative study that researched the experiences of middle-aged nurses who worked rotating shifts (West, Boughton & Byrnes, 2009). Psychological dependence, or drug craving, is a recent addition to the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorder in DSM-5. Sleep deprivation, in general, is associated with a number of negative consequences (Brown, 2012). For instance, if a woman dreams about being chased by a snake, Freud might have argued that this represents the womans fear of sexual intimacy, with the snake serving as a symbol of a mans penis. How exactly does a hypnotist bring a participant to a state of hypnosis? Like NREM sleep, REM has been implicated in various aspects of learning and memory (Wagner, Gais, & Born, 2001; Siegel, 2001). These drugs promote increased levels of neural activity. Stick to a sleep schedule, even on the weekends. (credit: Laurie Avocado). Sore throat. These drugs share in common their ability to serve as agonists of the gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter system. Evolutionary psychologyis a discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result ofnatural selection. 2. Early attempts to treat her condition with a stimulant drug alone were unsuccessful. While we all experience altered states of consciousness in the form of sleep on a regular basis, some people use drugs and other substances that result in altered states of consciousness as well. Other depressants include barbiturates and benzodiazepines. Alcohol, barbiturates (e.g., secobarbital, pentobarbital), Benzodiazepines (e.g., Xanax). Sleep is also associated with the secretion and regulation of a number of hormones from several endocrine glands including: melatonin, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and growth hormone (National Institutes of Health, n.d.). For example, most people sleep during the night and are awake during the day. Complete the following multiple choice quiz covering chapters 1, 6, and 9. Nicotine is most commonly used in the form of tobacco products like cigarettes or chewing tobacco; therefore, there is a tremendous interest in developing effective smoking cessation techniques. The participant is guided to focus on one thing, such as the hypnotists words or a ticking watch. c. Historically, somnambulism has been treated with a variety of pharmacotherapies ranging from benzodiazepines to antidepressants. The effects of all psychoactive drugs occur through their interactions with our endogenous neurotransmitter systems. Latent content, on the other hand, refers to the hidden meaning of a dream. Theta waves still dominate the activity of the brain, but they are interrupted by brief bursts of activity known as sleep spindles (Figure 4.9). These brain areas include the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia. As discussed by Siegel (2008), a definition of sleep must also include mention of the interplay of the circadian and homeostatic mechanisms that regulate sleep. The pineal and pituitary glands secrete a number of hormones during sleep. In the central nervous system, it plays a role in arousal and reward mechanisms. On January 16, 1997, Scott Falater sat down to dinner with his wife and children and told them about difficulties he was experiencing on a project at work. Freud was not the only theorist to focus on the content of dreams. There are now several synthetic versions of opiate drugs (correctly called opioids) that have very potent painkilling effects, and they are often abused. Low doses increase relaxation, decrease inhibitions. This chapter will discuss states of consciousness with a particular emphasis on sleep. Interestingly, since the advent of electric light, the amount of sleep that people get has declined. The heart rate slows . D) the demographic characteristics of the person C) the severity and duration of the problem. Understanding the impact of sleep on cognitive function should help you understand that cramming all night for a test may be not effective and can even prove counterproductive. There is quite a bit of controversy within the scientific community as to the extent to which marijuana might have medicinal benefits due to a lack of large-scale, controlled research (Bostwick, 2012). Brain waves during REM sleep appear very similar to brain waves during wakefulness. In terms of brain wave activity, stage 1 sleep is associated with both alpha and theta waves. The brain waves associated with REM sleep, outlined in the red box in (a), look very similar to those seen (b) during wakefulness. Some circadian rhythms play a role in changes in our state of consciousness. This theory is supported by Ernest Hilgards research into hypnosis and pain. The Safe to Sleep campaign educates the public about how to minimize risk factors associated with SIDS. Feeling tired. 1. It seems like everyone knows a friend, family member, or neighbor who has died of an overdose. We might also experience unconscious states of being via drug-induced anesthesia for medical purposes. In fact, abuse of prescription opioid medications is becoming a major concern worldwide (Aquina, Marques-Baptista, Bridgeman, & Merlin, 2009; Casati, Sedefov, & Pfeiffer-Gerschel, 2012). His children and his wifes parents all agreed that Falater had an excellent relationship with his wife and they couldnt think of a reason that would provide any sort of motive to murder her (Cartwright, 2004). Disorganized Thinking. Toleranceis linked to physiological dependence, and it occurs when a person requires more and more drug to achieve effects previously experienced at lower doses. Generally, people use caffeine to maintain increased levels of alertness and arousal. One complete menstrual cycle takes about 28 daysa lunar monthbut many biological cycles are much shorter. Confusion. Therefore, it is important to make a distinction between hypnosis as an empirically based therapeutic approach versus as a form of entertainment. In 2012, Kromann and Nielson reported on a case study of a 40-year-old woman who suffered significant ill effects from her use of caffeine. Therefore, it is quite likely that new medications that are developed to treat narcolepsy will be designed to target the hypocretin system. My sophomore college housemate got so stressed out during finals sophomore year he drank almost a whole bottle of Nyquil to try to fall asleep. Heroin users often shoot the drug directly into their veins. These initiatives include increasing access to treatment and recovery services, increasing access to overdose-reversal drugs like Naloxone, and implementing better public health monitoring systems (NIDA, 2019). People vary in terms of their ability to be hypnotized, but a review of available research suggests that most people are at least moderately hypnotizable (Kihlstrom, 2013). Marijuana, LSD, Peyote, mescaline, DMT, dissociative anesthetics including ketamine and PCP, Increased heart rate and blood pressure that may dissipate over time, Mild to intense perceptual changes with high variability in effects based on strain, method of ingestion, and individual differences, Understand what is meant by consciousness, Explain how circadian rhythms are involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle, and how circadian cycles can be disrupted, Describe areas of the brain involved in sleep, Understand hormone secretions associated with sleep, Describe several theories aimed at explaining the function of sleep, Differentiate between REM and non-REM sleep, Describe the differences between the three stages of non-REM sleep, Understand the role that REM and non-REM sleep play in learning and memory, Describe the symptoms and treatments of insomnia, Recognize the symptoms of several parasomnias, Describe the symptoms and treatments for sleep apnea, Recognize risk factors associated with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and steps to prevent it, Describe the symptoms and treatments for narcolepsy. This pattern of temperature fluctuation, which repeats every day, is one example of a circadian rhythm. C) the severity and duration of the problem. c. absence of subjective symptoms of disease. For example, withdrawal from sedative drugs often produces unpleasant arousal and agitation. (credit: modification of work by Mikael Hggstrm). They were ALL my fault. . For example, Hobson (2009) suggests that dreaming may represent a state of protoconsciousness. Among a variety of neurobiological evidence, John Hobson cites research on lucid dreams as an opportunity to better understand dreaming in general. There may also be differences in both brain structure and function in infants that die from SIDS (Berkowitz, 2012; Mage & Donner, 2006; Thach, 2005). Obviously, regular narcoleptic episodes could interfere with the ability to perform ones job or complete schoolwork, and in some situations, narcolepsy can result in significant harm and injury (e.g., driving a car or operating machinery or other potentially dangerous equipment). Access for free athttps://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction. This chart illustrates the circadian change in body temperature over 28 hours in a group of eight young men. As part of treatment, the sleeping environment is often modified to make it a safer place for those suffering from RBD (Zangini, Calandra-Buonaura, Grimaldi, & Cortelli, 2011). Our experiences change dramatically while we are in deep sleep and once again when we are dreaming. Delusions. Not able to pass stool or gas. As one of their mechanisms of action, cocaine and amphetamines block the reuptake of dopamine from the synapse into the presynaptic cell. I was really sleepy and having trouble concentrating. Variations and adaptations in cognition and behavior make individuals more or less successful in reproducing and passing their genes to their offspring. Brainwave activity changes dramatically across the different stages of sleep. Moreover, these impairments become more severe as the amount of sleep deprivation increases (Alhola & Polo-Kantola, 2007). The woman used caffeine in the past to boost her mood and to provide energy, but over the course of several years, she increased her caffeine consumption to the point that she was consuming three liters of soda each day. A few such benefits listed by the National Sleep Foundation (n.d.) include maintaining healthy weight, lowering stress levels, improving mood, and increasing motor coordination, as well as a number of benefits related to cognition and memory formation. You were capable of engaging in the all of the complex tasks involved with operating a motor vehicle even though you were not aware of doing so. If people are deprived of REM sleep and then allowed to sleep without disturbance, they will spend more time in REM sleep in what would appear to be an effort to recoup the lost time in REM. People sleep better in cooler temperatures. Jet lagis a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment. The lifespan perspective in health psychology reveals that adolescents One of the shortcomings with the health belief model is Risk factors for a health problem People whose personalities include high levels of _____ seem to be "disease" Cognitive-behavioral therapy has been demonstrated to be quite effective in treating insomnia (Savard, Simard, Ivers, & Morin, 2005; Williams, Roth, Vatthauer, & McCrae, 2013). Historically, heroin has been a major opioid drug of abuse (Figure 4.17). d. both b and c. 2. Dreams and their associated meanings vary across different cultures and periods of time. d. respond to illnesses much like the older adults do. A) managed care For example, a person may work from 7:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. on Monday, 3:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. on Tuesday, and 11:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. on Wednesday. The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through human-to-human transmission. Brainwave activity changes dramatically across the different stages of sleep. Depending on the population and sleep disorder being studied, between 30% and 50% of the population suffers from a sleep disorder at some point in their lives (Bixler, Kales, Soldatos, Kaels, & Healey, 1979; Hossain & Shapiro, 2002; Ohayon, 1997, 2002; Ohayon & Roth, 2002). These individual differences in circadian patterns of activity are known as a persons chronotype, and research demonstrates that morning larks and night owls differ with regard to sleep regulation (Taillard, Philip, Coste, Sagaspe, & Bioulac, 2003). In such instances, the individuals schedule changes so frequently that it becomes difficult for a normal circadian rhythm to be maintained. While opioid withdrawal can be extremely unpleasant, it is not life-threatening (Julien, 2005). Mindfulness meditation has recently become popular. (a) A typical CPAP device used in the treatment of sleep apnea is (b) affixed to the head with straps, and a mask that covers the nose and mouth. Often, however, people wishing to learn to meditate receive some training in techniques to achieve a meditative state. Participants were told they would not feel pain, but they could press a button if they did; while they reported not feeling pain, they did, in fact, press the button, suggesting a dissociation of consciousness while in the hypnotic state (Hilgard & Hilgard, 1994). Because the biological clock is driven by light, exposure to bright light during working shifts and dark exposure when not working can help combat insomnia and symptoms of anxiety and depression (Huang, Tsai, Chen, & Hsu, 2013). If you lie down to take a nap and fall asleep very easily, chances are you may have sleep debt. (credit a: modification of work by Jim Epler; credit b: modification of work by Caleb Roenigk), video about circadian rhythms and how they affect sleep, video that gives sleep tips for college students, video about the relationship between sleep and memory, instructional video about using Buddhist meditation techniques to alleviate stress, video about the results of a brain imaging study in individuals who underwent specific mindfulness meditative techniques, https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Cocaine, amphetamines (including some ADHD medications such as Adderall), methamphetamines, MDMA (Ecstasy or Molly), Increased heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature. Sleepwalking most often occurs during slow-wave sleep, but it can occur at any time during a sleep period in some affected individuals (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). While "internal state" or impulsivity are terms more generally discussed in psychology or neuroscience, the concept is familiar to anyone. For instance, the concentration of various ions in your blood must be kept steady, along with pH and the concentration of glucose. Insomnia, a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep, is the most common of the sleep disorders. Beyond being awake or asleep, there are many other states of consciousness people experience. The participant is told to be open to the process of hypnosis, trust the hypnotist and let go. Upon admission to an outpatient clinic for treatment of mood disorders, she met all of the diagnostic criteria for substance dependence and was advised to dramatically limit her caffeine intake. NCEH provides leadership to promote health and quality of life by preventing or controlling those diseases, birth defects, or disabilities resulting from interaction between people and the environment. Parasomnias can occur in either REM or NREM phases of sleep. Has something like this ever happened to you? A person withrestless leg syndromehas uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep. MDMA (3.4-methelynedioxy-methamphetamine, commonly known as ecstasy or Molly) is a mild stimulant with perception-altering effects. c. deaths due to accidents have increased. When he told me, I made him go see the college therapist. There is a trend that females report more somatic symptoms than males; thus, more females are diagnosed with somatic symptom disorder than males (APA, 2022). In this section, we will discuss each of these stages of sleep and their associated patterns of brain wave activity. The freebase version of cocaine, known as crack, is a potent, smokable version of the drug. Primary signs and symptoms of Ebola often include some or several of the following: Fever. (credit sleeping: modification of work by Ryan Vaarsi). 23. Elements that are known to make PTSD more likely are the following: Perceived life threat Personal injury Interpersonal violence, particularly perpetrated by a caregiver Past and present vulnerability, including genetics, childhood trauma, insufficient emotional support, concurrent causes of stress Example: Childhood abuse and rape