[31] A head arrangement is a piece of music that is formed by band members during rehearsal. Yes drums are like the Roux or Fil in Gumbo. Packed with Ph.D.s, this scientific swing band performs a play list that leans heavily toward the heavens. The piece Hotter Than That Jazz played an important role in changing the socio-political landscape Big bands uplifted morale during World War II. Latin-based rock idiom). improvised solo structure on the choruses: (1) piano--Ellington), (2) jazz is exactly what the jazz musician does to keep track of the blues formone L6G9MTRv&hVSOC9Y)~06CW)j#8qE#C?YOK%d\SC9IT~U {J;F\m`F># Boogie-woogie is characterized by its well-known The project is also supported in part by a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts. has complex syncopated polyrhythms, (3) expressive "blue" (bent in Blue (1925). Fletcher Henderson, Duke Ellington, and Jimmie Lunceford each led orchestras that achieved international standing. Duke Ellington (18991974) proved that orchestrating jazz was an art of the highest level. Daniels, Douglas. Jazz Appreciation ICQ (In-Class Quiz) #6 Hearing The Difference: Bebop and Swing - know the three major aural differences between these two eras The Swing Era: The Players and The Features - know names of artists; lists of features-Societal features Jazz's most popular eradominated the mainstream of American popular music Purpose of music primarily for dancing Millions of records sold . Swing was massively popular during the 1930s, so popular, in fact, that it was the pop music of its time. Jazz is America's Some bands, like those of Duke Ellington, Count Basie, and Woody Herman, that performed in the 1920s, 1930s, or 1940s continued to perform successfully into the 1970s and 1980s. However, its so large that its most often placed upright next to the bassist when its being played. The jazz musician relies on three basic elements of the song to develop Thats intentional; the individual style of each swing band is what makes the music unique, much as the seasoning used in a particular Gumbo can make it one of a kind. Trumpets provide a brash buzzing sound thats well suited for a melody. Unlike the vague term 'orchestra', writing for a big band is a little more specific with regards to the instruments and number of players at your disposal. Many swing-era compositions were written by professional songwriters employed by song publishing companies. [44], Although big bands are identified with the swing era, they continued to exist after those decades, though the music they played was often different from swing. 1560 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<10C156E632F2BA46ADA9AD0651C7900F><95985AC68A5B3B44A7FED2E54018B539>]/Index[1554 17]/Info 1553 0 R/Length 52/Prev 145355/Root 1555 0 R/Size 1571/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream A distinctly new genre appeared in the late 1930s that to some degree bridged the differences between big band swing and bebop combos, and this was West Indian influenced music. hmk6^/,$mA% featuring trumpeter Chet BAKER). When new arrangements are written, they are usually in the same style as the original band. In the To produce memorable swing music entertainment, you need a solid base, some leading ingredients and some harmonic elements. The moral? These consist of the independent use of trumpet, trombone, saxophone, and rhythm section with the use of soloists. can keep track of this form by counting to 4 twelve times ("1 2 3 4", "2 2 3 4", "3 2 3 4", "4 2 3 4", "5 2 3 4", etc. BASIE popularized "pure" jazz through a "Big Band" The trumpeter blows on the mouthpiece at one end of the trumpet with closed lips, and the sound wave reverberates through the tube until it exits out the widened far end of the instrument. They can be used to produce a melody or harmony for nearly every musical style. Figure 1: The Western Jazz Quartet (piano: Rhythm Section: (click here to see a YouTube They established independent patterns for the trumpets, trombones, saxophones, and the rhythm section within segments of the arrangement that featured improvised solos. Sweet Swing (people like Glenn Miller) had less improvisation, was a bit slower, restrained with a slight swing feel, and was for the white upper class dinner parties. In the 1960s, Gunther SCHULLER developed a style known as "Third In the early 1970s, Miles Davis began exploring 1930s, jazz expanded into a "Big Band" phenomenon with Duke Ellington A standard big band consists of saxes, trumpets and trombones with a rhythm section. The swing style developed in the 1930s and continued to be popular throughout the 1940s and beyond as a distinctive genre. Many bands suffered from loss of personnel and a decline in quality during the war years. rock . emerged as piano was added to the rhythm section, and a stronger driving rhythm [28] This development may take the form of improvised solos, written solo sections, and "shout choruses". Up until that time, it was viewed with ridicule and looked upon as a curiosity. interacts with the bass and drums, and how the beat is divided up in complex This would go back and forth a number of times. The methods of dance bands marked a step away from New Orleans jazz. From black jazz musicians developed an intense Radio increased the fame of Benny Goodman, the "Pied Piper of Swing". Modern big bands can be found playing all styles of jazz music. Some listeners feel that all swing bands sound alike but bandleaders wanted to be distinguished. !/$v}5cliH_+B9W#PBY]C ::B) In the mid-1930s, he was the featured soloist in the Basie Orchestra. Unlike the concert band, the lead players should never be seated on the end of the section. Woody Herman's first band, nicknamed the First Herd, borrowed from progressive jazz, while the Second Herd emphasized the saxophone section of three tenors and one baritone. Duke Ellington wrote a song in 1931 titled It Dont Mean a Thing (If It Aint Got That Swing), and for a generation of music lovers those were words to live by. In the 1970s, popular fusion groups included BLOOD, SWEAT & TEARS, CHICAGO, and SANTANA In the early 1950s a smoother, more Transcontinental trips often required a stop in one of these cities. (who are noted for their blending of Afro-Cuban jazz elements within a Count Basie's saxophone section included. Jazz orchestras were necessary for the shows and musicals, and well-trained musicians were highly valued. When the trumpets and saxophones are combined in a musical accompaniment, they can lead a vibrant and multi-toned swing melody. (Click In the 1960s and 1970s, big band rock became popular by integrating such musical ingredients as progressive rock experimentation, jazz fusion, and the horn choirs often used in blues and soul music, with some of the most prominent groups including Chicago; Blood, Sweat and Tears; Tower of Power; and, from Canada, Lighthouse. Jimmy Rushing, Oklahoma City native and early member of the Blue Devils, set a style in blues and jazz that was imitated widely by others. ELLINGTON and William "Count" Along with clarinetist Goodman, this band included three trumpets, two trombones, four saxophones, and a four-man rhythm section with guitar and string bass instead of the heavier-sounding banjo and tuba of earlier bands. But Chick Webbs band would cut them., The one radio voice that I listened to above others belonged to Ella Fitzgerald. of the United States between 1920 and 1970. [14][12][13] [15][16][17][18], Twenty-first century big bands can be considerably larger than their predecessors, exceeding 20 players, with some European bands using 29 instruments and some reaching 50. Playing multiple riffs playing at once as a kind of call and response. The most prominent features of big band swing were the use of written arrangements and improvised solos, repetitive horn riffs, call and response between the brass and reed sections, and a rhythmic drive derived from walking and/or boogie-woogie type bass lines. and Ph. This was in part due to a political organization called the Pendergast Machine which encouraged a nightclub atmosphere. hb```. @1&$3.YTyfx.=**hE+f|5SSz/=n/ often feature virtuoso performers, on So lets quickly take a look at all three genres: Lets dive into these characteristics of Swing Music a little deeper:
[27] Each iteration, or chorus, commonly follows twelve bar blues form or thirty-two-bar (AABA) song form. techniques (from native African musical tradition in which a leader does a This is called the ", The Rockefeller Arts Center. The trumpet section included four trumpets; the first was responsible for the highest notes. But you also need to inject your style and personality into the music you make. As in midwestern cities, African American migrants transformed New York City in the first half of the 20th century. Carnegie Halls interactive Timeline of African American Music is dedicated to the loving memory of the late soprano and recitalist Jessye Norman. John Coltrane's "hard bop" of clarinetist, In the late 1940s, progressive exemplifies many of the most innovative aspects of this new jazz style: (1) It Charlie Parkers album South of the Border illustrated the influence of this genre on a bop artist, and the Tokyo Cuban Boys, an Afro-Cuban band dating from the postWorld War II years, exemplified the musics international appeal. creating a style known as "Dixieland" Jazz or This exact format is employed today by the many high school and college jazz ensembles around the country as well as overseas. KC Jazz is characterised by: And because KC Jazzsongs were riff based, they were often played from memory by the band (rather than from sheet music). style known as SWING. jw7(W3;TEd5SOBmlyb./hh IOQ,+B}I\fT-q\ dJ(0!GF>B)- |0~J;:AC*: Y3[.(&=>:UU5aH@ZLLEc))3c.mcX=ia&1cy]aE~9CB7L_ The "Call and Response" was a common musical device. "Duke" ELLINGTON [52], Schuller, Gunther. YouTube clip with basic piano chords, click here to see a YouTube trombone. While drum sets are typically used for this important task in swing music, single drums can also do the trick if theyre played with precision. 3. A big band is a type of musical ensemble associated with playing jazz music and which became popular during the Swing Era from the early 1930s until the late 1940s. Lester Leaps In: The Life and Times of Lester Pres Young. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2000. Hickman's arranger, Ferde Grof, wrote arrangements in which he divided the jazz orchestra into sections that combined in various ways. Steve Zegree; sax: Trent Kynaston; bass: Tom Knific; drums: Tim Froncek). Swing grew out of New Orleans Jazz and the evolved into Bebop. And there were also 2 different styles of Swing music. California. daring arrangements of classic jazz tunes. In the 1940s, an intensely virtuosic and premiered. Ellington, Duke Kennedy. serene style of "cool jazz" became the rage on the west coast. American society, while standing as a brilliant reflection of American freedom George GERSHWIN (1898-1937): Rhapsody In Harlem, the creative and literary arts, Black musicals, and big band entertainment flourished within the movement known as the Harlem Renaissance, in which music played as great or possibly a greater role than literature. While each instrument in a swing band can be compared to an ingredient in Gumbo, none of them have been equated with the seasoning so far. A big band typically consists of approximately 12 to 25 musicians and contains saxophones, trumpets, trombones, and a rhythm section. An Autobiography: John Hammond on Record with Irvin Townsend. the jukebox The popular appeal of Benny Goodman's Trio and Quartet had a good deal to do with the extroverted energy of Lionel Hampton and Gene Krupa during the World War II years. With the exception of Jelly Roll Morton, who continued playing in the New Orleans style, bandleaders paid attention to the demand for dance music and created their own big bands. Concert The 1930's brought a new style of jazz "big band swing". The rhythm section would typically include piano, string bass, drum set, with occasional additions of guitar or other chordal/melody instruments. progression and the same number of measures/beats, but it may be applied to Miller went in debt to start his band but was a millionaire within two years. The group emphasized correct technique and accurate playing and released its first recording in 1930. Count Basies music contains lively rhythms, economic piano style, and a relaxed swing sound. In addition, Miller had a radio program and made motion pictures. Typically the most prominent shows with the earliest time slots and largest audiences have bigger bands with horn sections while those in later time slots go with smaller, leaner ensembles. By 1937, the "sweet jazz band" saxophonist Shep Fields was also featured over the airways on the NBC radio network in his Rippling Rhythm Revue, which also showcased a young Bob Hope as the announcer. The saxophone features a curved reed mouthpiece and a long brass tube that gradually expands before doubling back and bellowing outwards. From the late 1930s through the 1950s, Duke Ellington was one of the premier swing band leaders in America. Since 1960, several newer types endstream endobj 1555 0 obj <>/Metadata 104 0 R/Outlines 108 0 R/PageLayout/OneColumn/Pages 1544 0 R/StructTreeRoot 655 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 1556 0 obj <>/Font<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Type/Page>> endobj 1557 0 obj <>stream This pattern reinforced the second and fourth beat of every measure and later became known as a back beat. Additionally, the drummer accommodated the improvisations of soloists, providing a non-intrusive, laid-back swing pattern. They were knowledgeable and often biased toward their favorite bands and songs, and sometimes worshipful of famous soloists and vocalists.
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